Smoking and Sleep Quality Among Turkish Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

The anatolian journal of family medicine (Online) , cilt.8, sa.1, ss.21-25, 2025 (Scopus, TRDizin)

Objectives: This study aims to investigate whether there is a relationship between smoking status, sleep quality,

and self-efficacy perception.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults who visited the family medicine clinic of a tertiary

hospital between May and July 2023. A 20-item questionnaire prepared by the researchers, the Pittsburgh

Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and the General Self-Efficacy

Scale were used.

Results: In the study, 440 participants were included. The median PSQI, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and

FTND scores were 12.0 (6.0–21.0), 64.5 (42.0–85.0), and 3.0 (0.0–10.0), respectively. Smokers had significantly

higher PSQI scores compared to non-smokers and former smokers (12.0 [6.0–21.0] vs. 11.0 [6.0–18.0] vs. 11.0

[8.0–17.0], respectively, p<0.001). However, Self-efficacy scores did not differ significantly among the groups

(p=0.431). While a significant positive correlation was found between FTND scores and PSQI scores, no significant

correlation was found between self-efficacy (r=0.140, p=0.036, and p=0.689, respectively).

Conclusion: There was a significant association was observed between smoking and poorer sleep quality.

However, no significant relationship was found between smoking status and self-efficacy perception.

Keywords: Self efficacy, sleep disorders, smoking, tobacco use disorder